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核能對經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇至關(guān)重要

關(guān)鍵詞:核能對經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇至關(guān)重要 網(wǎng)址:www.bjbsf.cn 日期:2020/5/26 15:19:13

法國核能協(xié)會(huì)(SFEN)在近期發(fā)表的一份意見書中寫道,承諾在法國建造6座新的epr反應(yīng)堆,將是對該國經(jīng)濟(jì)的“有效刺激”,幫助法國在未來幾年將從2019冠狀病毒病的沖擊中復(fù)蘇。報(bào)告稱,在有關(guān)復(fù)蘇的辯論中,核能“符合所有三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,即投資于低碳、有韌性和自主的行業(yè)。


SFEN在其意見書中指出,法國有57個(gè)反應(yīng)堆,向該國超過四分之三的人口和530個(gè)地點(diǎn)的250多個(gè)工業(yè)能源用戶提供24小時(shí)的低碳電力。報(bào)告補(bǔ)充稱,核電通過提供“穩(wěn)定的、價(jià)格適中的電力”,提高了法國工業(yè)的競爭力。


投資增長


SFEN說,EDF(法國電力公司)提出了核電維修和投資計(jì)劃,即所謂的大托管計(jì)劃,每年注入40億歐元(43億美元)來擴(kuò)大其現(xiàn)有核電機(jī)組的運(yùn)營,但病毒后的恢復(fù)必須支持新的反應(yīng)堆建設(shè)。


今年1月,法國環(huán)境部公開征求公眾意見,修改了管理能源轉(zhuǎn)型的戰(zhàn)略文件,該文件項(xiàng)目涵蓋2019-2028年期間。


行業(yè)分析人士談道:“啟動(dòng)建設(shè)新核反應(yīng)堆的計(jì)劃,將是2021年經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)復(fù)蘇的有效工具。”他補(bǔ)充稱,作為這一努力的一部分,核工業(yè)“準(zhǔn)備動(dòng)員起來”。


報(bào)告提到了德勤(Deloitte)最近在法國進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究,該研究稱,在核能領(lǐng)域投資的每一歐元,將為其他經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域帶來2.5歐元的收益。同一項(xiàng)研究估計(jì),到2030年,核能產(chǎn)生的每太瓦小時(shí)將為法國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)貢獻(xiàn)3.6億歐元,是風(fēng)能貢獻(xiàn)1億歐元的三倍多。SFEN補(bǔ)充說,與歐洲相比,法國核電已經(jīng)具有競爭力。去年,逐步淘汰核能的德國家庭電價(jià)比法國高出70%以上。


在三個(gè)地點(diǎn)建造“至少”三個(gè)EPR機(jī)組,將使法國現(xiàn)有機(jī)組的10 GWe或15%的續(xù)期成為可能。迄今為止,諾曼底、法國豪茨和奧弗涅羅納-阿爾卑斯地區(qū)已自愿主辦這些項(xiàng)目。所需的年投資總額將為每年20億歐元,而對可再生能源的支持估計(jì)每年超過50億歐元。


報(bào)告稱:“未來20年的重大建設(shè)計(jì)劃,以及與多家制造商簽訂框架合同的前景,將為該行業(yè)的企業(yè)提供必要的能見度,從2021年開始投資于必要的工業(yè)工具和技能。”


作為法國第三大工業(yè)部門,核工業(yè)提供了22萬多個(gè)直接和間接就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。在法國,參與EPR建設(shè)的人員中,80%是法國公司,SFEN說,與其他能源部門相比,這個(gè)比例“非常高”。例如,在風(fēng)能和太陽能技術(shù)方面,法國“仍然依賴外國公司”。


SFEN說,一個(gè)EPR項(xiàng)目在建設(shè)階段可以創(chuàng)造8350個(gè)工作崗位,在一個(gè)單元60年的運(yùn)營壽命中可以持續(xù)創(chuàng)造1600個(gè)其他崗位。報(bào)告還指出,核電行業(yè)的投資對中小企業(yè)和中型企業(yè)產(chǎn)生了積極的影響,這些企業(yè)也為其他主要行業(yè)服務(wù),累計(jì)營業(yè)額約為475億歐元。


報(bào)告稱,需要在明年就一項(xiàng)新建設(shè)計(jì)劃做出決定,以“鞏固技能,增強(qiáng)競爭力”。過去20年,由于缺乏新建設(shè)項(xiàng)目,歐洲各地的核能勞動(dòng)力受到侵蝕,這意味著法國必須“重建整個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈”,在法國建造弗拉芒維爾3號(hào)反應(yīng)堆,在芬蘭建造奧爾基洛托3號(hào)反應(yīng)堆。然而,由于這些項(xiàng)目,EDF和Framatome已為600多家“核級(jí)”設(shè)備和服務(wù)供應(yīng)商提供了資質(zhì)。


SFEN補(bǔ)充說,法國有一個(gè)經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的3代反應(yīng)堆設(shè)計(jì),因?yàn)閮蓚(gè)epr已經(jīng)在中國臺(tái)山投入商業(yè)運(yùn)行,而Flamanville-3已經(jīng)成功完成了熱測試。EDF正致力于“簡化和優(yōu)化”EPR設(shè)計(jì)——EPR2,該設(shè)計(jì)正在接受法國核安全局(Autorite de surete nucleaire)的評(píng)估。


低碳


SFEN說,法國和歐洲要實(shí)現(xiàn)2050年凈零碳排放的目標(biāo),就必須更新該國的部分核電機(jī)組。


上個(gè)月,氣候高級(jí)理事會(huì)(le Haut conseil pour le climat)表示,“為了應(yīng)對即將到來的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和金融沖擊,危機(jī)的結(jié)束和復(fù)蘇必須結(jié)合氣候緊急情況”。報(bào)告還說,投資必須針對“有利于低碳用途的彈性基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施”,基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和長期過渡工作必須是新投資的主要受益者。


法國的發(fā)電行業(yè)已經(jīng)是低碳行業(yè):其二氧化碳排放量平均低于50克/千瓦時(shí),SFEN稱這“遠(yuǎn)低于”鄰國(例如,德國約為400克/千瓦時(shí),意大利約為260克/千瓦時(shí))。這在很大程度上要?dú)w功于其核電站,以及可再生能源(水力發(fā)電、太陽能光伏發(fā)電和風(fēng)能)。


它說,核能是幫助“使增長與排放脫鉤”的技術(shù)之一。從1980年到1985年,法國的二氧化碳排放量下降了20%,盡管國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長了8%。它補(bǔ)充說,在費(fèi)森海姆核電站投產(chǎn)后的10年里,法國成功地將化石燃料在電力生產(chǎn)中的比重從55%降到了10%,這要?dú)w功于它的核電計(jì)劃。


“為了讓低碳電力長期充分發(fā)揮其脫碳作用,法國必須立即啟動(dòng)新的核建設(shè)計(jì)劃。到2050年,我們現(xiàn)有的絕大多數(shù)核反應(yīng)堆將達(dá)到60歲,2040年代初可能出現(xiàn)“懸崖邊效應(yīng)”,這與80年代核電建設(shè)速度非常快有關(guān)。


“即使預(yù)計(jì)到2030-2050年將取得技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)展,我們目前還不知道將間歇可再生能源、儲(chǔ)存、沼氣和/或化石燃料與碳捕獲和儲(chǔ)存相結(jié)合的系統(tǒng)的可行性、穩(wěn)健性、成本或限制。迄今為止,主要國際機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)為,必須實(shí)施所有低碳技術(shù)——可再生能源、核能和碳捕獲與封存技術(shù),以便在2050年前實(shí)現(xiàn)電力部門的深度脫碳。很難理解為什么會(huì)是在法國,這是一個(gè)使用和工業(yè)控制核技術(shù)的世界參考,”SFEN說。


推遲或沒有就新核電站的啟動(dòng)作出決定,使法國面臨不得不緊急啟動(dòng)新的燃?xì)獍l(fā)電廠建設(shè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這些電廠排放大量溫室氣體。斯芬說,最近日本的情況就是這樣,日本的核電站重啟速度太慢,美國的新澤西州和紐約州的情況可能很快也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在比利時(shí)。


它補(bǔ)充說,根據(jù)歐盟委員會(huì)的EUCO30脫碳方案,歐盟在2050年將需要110千兆瓦的核電,其中包括法國以外的70千兆瓦,以實(shí)現(xiàn)其氣候目標(biāo)。


有韌性


SFEN說,法國需要更新核電站,以保證該國電力系統(tǒng)抵御未來沖擊的能力,恢復(fù)能力意味著應(yīng)對全球大流行病等不可預(yù)見事件的“穩(wěn)健性”,以及適應(yīng)其組織的“靈活性”。


中國的核電站以電力供應(yīng)的“穩(wěn)固性和靈活性”支持醫(yī)療保健部門在整個(gè)疫情期間,能夠根據(jù)需求的變化和可再生能源的生產(chǎn)不斷調(diào)整其生產(chǎn)。在2020年3月的最后一個(gè)周末,核電機(jī)組的功率變化了14千兆瓦(當(dāng)時(shí)可利用的40千兆瓦核電容量中的一部分),主要是為了應(yīng)對法國和我們鄰國太陽能光伏和風(fēng)能的變化,”SFEN說。


SFEN說,國際能源機(jī)構(gòu)(iea)強(qiáng)調(diào),核能一直是歐洲“靈活性的主要來源之一”它還說:“這種非凡的(而且常常被忽視的)能力使它成為可再生能源的盟友。”。


自主的


斯芬說,核能是“法國能源主權(quán)的支柱”。它允許——而且仍然允許——法國保護(hù)自己不受世界能源市場變幻莫測的影響:石油沖擊和反沖擊;頁巖氣和石油的開發(fā);天然氣的地緣政治。1970年,法國三分之二的電力是使用化石燃料(煤、石油和天然氣)生產(chǎn)的,但多虧了核能,如今這一比例僅為7%。此外,法國消耗的碳?xì)浠衔飵缀跞窟M(jìn)口(運(yùn)輸和住房)。


它說,生產(chǎn)核能的成本“非常可預(yù)測”,因?yàn)槠淙剂镶檭H占總生產(chǎn)成本的5%。此外,鈾市場與其他燃料市場不同,因?yàn)榈鼐壵物L(fēng)險(xiǎn)很低——目前40%以上的鈾儲(chǔ)備在經(jīng)合組織國家,大多數(shù)貿(mào)易是通過長期合同進(jìn)行的,合同期限為幾十年。


法國本身就有一個(gè)“非常強(qiáng)大”的鈾供應(yīng)鏈,SFEN說,并補(bǔ)充說,法國電力公司在法國有足夠的鈾供應(yīng)兩年的電力生產(chǎn)。與之形成鮮明對比的是,化石燃料儲(chǔ)量僅占法國年消費(fèi)量的不到6個(gè)月。法國也在通過回收使用過的燃料來減少對天然鈾的需求;法國10%的核能都是通過這種方式生產(chǎn)的。最后,法國擁有戰(zhàn)略儲(chǔ)備的貧化鈾,可以“隨時(shí)”利用國內(nèi)現(xiàn)代化的轉(zhuǎn)化和濃縮能力,取代五年的天然鈾消費(fèi)。


“EDF是世界上領(lǐng)先的核電站運(yùn)營商,其運(yùn)營和安全經(jīng)驗(yàn)受到同行(中國、南非、阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋長國等)的認(rèn)可和追捧。這也是奧拉諾在燃料循環(huán)和法馬通在控制系統(tǒng)和部件制造中的情況。該行業(yè)超過50%的公司參與出口,整個(gè)行業(yè)每年出口約50億歐元的商品和服務(wù)。


但法國還沒有能夠建造3代反應(yīng)堆的串聯(lián),由于缺乏一個(gè)工業(yè)計(jì)劃,SFEN說。例如,俄羅斯的Rosatom公司在過去14年里已經(jīng)投產(chǎn)了15個(gè)新的反應(yīng)堆機(jī)組,并且有大約30個(gè)項(xiàng)目正在進(jìn)行中,這與此形成了鮮明對比。


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